There are a few critical policy areas that could have significant positive spinoffs for South Africa’s agricultural growth if implemented effectively.
The prioritisation of implementation would also be refreshing. Let’s face it, we have spent the recent past enjoying growth delivered by technological adoption, farmers’ and agribusinesses’ effectiveness and efficiency, and favourable climatic conditions, rather than a strong policy-driven growth agenda.
I am not minimising the government’s efforts in various programmes and the stability they provide for the sector. But I am framing it this way to make a point that we can do better. We are now at the start of the year, with an opportunity to redefine the path ahead in a manner that supports agribusinesses, farmers and new entrants in the sector.
This would be aimed at achieving the prime objective of delivering inclusive growth in the agricultural sector. The starting point should be:
Land reform
The department of agriculture, land reform and rural development has, quite frankly, been dismal in 2025. We did not see any meaningful progress on land reform beyond a few high-level policy statements that sought to spark more conversation rather than implementation. Under the pro-active land acquisition strategy, the South African government has roughly 2.5-million hectares of land.
This land must be released to deserving beneficiaries with title deeds. The former minister, Thoko Didiza, had an elegant approach to releasing this land through a land reform agency, which was supported by organised agriculture and the Land Bank, among others.
The department must refocus on this approach. The failure to release this land adds to the continuous frustration of the minimal contribution of black farmers to commercial agricultural output.
At the time Didiza was looking to establish the agency we had so much goodwill from various large commercial farmers that we were eager to partner with and support the programme. The department must revive such conversations and reconnect with farmers. The approach, though, must not be never-ending meetings, but action-oriented.
Export diversification
South Africa’s agriculture is export-oriented, with exports accounting for roughly half of output in value terms. We export to a range of markets across Africa, Asia, the Middle East, the EU, the UK and the Americas. Still, there remains a considerable need to expand export markets. The Middle East and Asia are among the fastest-growing economies, with large populations, and South Africa still has low penetration in these markets.
In 2026, there should be an increased focus on this area. We celebrated a few export protocols last year, the result of many years of work from pre-Covid times. But those don’t take us any closer to the level of exports we require.
South Africa must seek bilateral export markets in several Asian and Middle Eastern countries. But at the same time, we must work to retain the access we have in Africa, the Americas, the EU, and the UK, among others.
Review Southern African Customs Union (Sacu)
Some countries may be reluctant to engage deeply with South Africa on trade due to Sacu. To potential partners, the customs union often appears opaque and unpredictable.
Many are interested in South Africa itself, not the wider region. Pretoria should therefore press for Sacu reform while preserving the development programmes that provide social support to neighbouring states.
In today’s changing global trade environment, countries must be agile in forming new agreements that sustain their economies. South Africa is on a path of export expansion, and when other countries see their interests aligned with South Africa’s, the government must be able to sign trade agreements.
But this is not always the reality. South Africa generally has to consult with Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho and Namibia, which are part of Sacu. In the past, this practice worked well, as there was no urgency and most trade matters took years to be concluded. Negotiating as a customs union also ensured that countries interacting with the region could access a slightly larger market. But the world has changed, and each country must put its interests first.
Prioritise biosecurity
For South Africa’s agriculture to thrive and access new export markets, we must ensure that our plant and animal health are top-notch. In recent years, we have struggled with foot-and-mouth disease and, occasionally, African swine fever, avian influenza and some plant diseases such as Goss’s wilt. The department must increase its spending and focus on biosecurity. The work, which started with collaboration with the biosecurity hub at the University of Pretoria and other organisations, must continue. We also need to seriously revive the Agricultural Research Council’s capabilities and be more open-minded in partnering with private-sector labs and organisations for research and vaccine manufacturing.
Address rural crime and stock theft
While our agricultural sector has progressed over time, we cannot ignore the challenge of rural crime in South Africa. We often hear of farm killings and theft, which are devastating for the sector. This remains a risk to the investment and prosperity of the agricultural sector.
Stock theft also continues to weigh on farmers, particularly new entrants. Stats SA recently reported that in 2024/25, more than 61,000 goats were stolen, followed by cattle (37,947) and poultry (36,486). I am highlighting livestock here, but I know of incidents of crop and fruit theft in some regions of the country that also require serious attention.
This is not an exhaustive list, but starting from these points, we could see serious momentum. Organised agriculture and agribusinesses are eager to support progress in the sector. We all know that South Africa’s agriculture has excellent growth potential, but the starting point is for the government to take steps to ease the path for others to participate.
* Sihlobo is the chief economist of the Agricultural Business Chamber of South Africa. He is also a senior research fellow at the department of agricultural economics at Stellenbosch University.
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